To What Extent was Self-Preservation the Prime Motive of the Catholic Churchs subservience to the Nazi Regime Essay Example

To What Extent was Self-Preservation the Prime Motive of the Catholic Churchs subservience to the Nazi Regime Essay The Catholic Church (referenced as simply The Church from here on) was a fairly unique resistance group during the Nazi period 1933 1945. It was unique for two main reasons; firstly it was the only counter-authority1 to the Nazi Regime permitted under Nazi Law, and secondly, it was the only institution that radically changed the interpretations of its core principles through the introduction of new personalities.The question above deals with three major areas of debate. The first, and most crucial, is whether the Church used resistance to ensure its own survival and whether it was central to their controversial role during the above period. The second area of debate is contrary to the first; it deals with the other motives that the Church may have had for collaborating or assisting the regime, specifically whether or not Anti-Semitism, played a significant part of the Churches actions during the Nazi Period. However, the third area of debate, the extent to which the Catholic Church was strictly subservient to the Nazi Regime is so substantial, there is just not enough space in this project to cover it adequately. Therefore, my investigation will not concern itself it detail with the actions of the Catholic Church, but rather its motives for undertaking those actions.In writing this, I will reference many sources from a number of political and religious backgrounds. There are a number of sources of varying utility, which help to develop an argument. For example, Primary sources such, as the Encyclical Humani Generis Unitas are invaluable when discussing the dissimilarities between Pope Pious XI, and Pope Pious XII. As a direct Issue of the Church it can be seen as a genuine attempt by the Church to clarify its position on the persecution of the Jews, rather than a piece of apologetic historical commentary after the event and is therefore able to described as politically untainted. On the other hand however, a quote from Daniel Goldhagens book A Moral Reckoning has a clear motive behind it. As a radical Jewish historian he has tried to throw open the debate on the Nazi period by referencing heavily the Anti-Semitism of the Church and the German People thus creating a Judo-centric view of Nazi activities. He may therefore exaggerate the truth slightly to make his points seem more convincing. Consequently, when evaluating his work we must keep this motive in mind. Generally however all historians work have some value, due, in part, to the extensive research involved in forming their compositions. Thus we can never therefore simply discard a source because it is biased or extreme since sometimes it is these extreme opinions, which can create the most useful suppositions.The Church has, throughout modern history, been arguably the biggest obstacle to dictatorship. Whether it was Kulturkampf in Bismarcks Germany, War Communism in Lenins Russia, or The Papal Land Seizures in Mussolinis Italy, the Catholic Church has proved to be an institution t hat has needed to be dealt with specifically, in order to successfully create a truly Totalitarianist state. The Catholic Church before the Nazi period represented around 32% of the population in Germany (22 Million members) with a wide range of powerful institutions such as Youth Organisations, Political Parties and Schools. Hence when Hitler rose to power in 1933 the Church plausibly saw another threat to their position emerging and thus there was an urgent need to re-affirm their status and position within this new Germany.The consequence of this anxiety was the agreement of the Church to enter into a Concordat agreement with the new Nazi leader. The Concordat, which was signed on 20th July 1933, by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later to become Pope Pious XII), which ensured the basic freedom and co-existence of the Church within the Nazi regime. It offered the Church partial anonymity from the state, by allowing them to retain their own schools, and their religious social clubs. How ever, it did recognise that the Church would be subservient in Law to the state, disband its political wing, The Catholic Centre Party, and, made the Nazi Curriculum mandatory in Catholic Schools.The signing of this Concordat I believe shows the willingness of the Catholic Church to agree to restrict their political progression in favour of a guaranteed existence. The purpose was self-defence, not a wider political opposition2As Jonathan Wright comments, the Church was far more interested in preserving its status as a religious institution, rather than trying to promote a political agenda, thus they were prepared to concede political activism, if they could carry on practising their religion freely. J R C Wright himself is a Political Historian and a practising Anglican3 and therefore the quote above can be coloured by his religious background. As such there is a possibility that he could be anti-Catholic, but because the source doesnt seem to be unfairly critical of the Church, it is likely this is not the case. This article was however written in the 1970s, when the Vatican had not opened any of their archives from after 1922,4 and as such J R C Wright would not have had access to the detailed information they have revealed when writing his article. Thus there is a possibility that his article is not as qualified as that of a later historian who would have had access to the Vatican Archives. Later historian Beth Greich-Polelle puts forward another argument; she believes it was previous experiences with a nationalist Germany that rationalises the actions the Church undertook.The fear of another state-sponsored attack on Catholicism (much like the one waged under Bismarck in the 1870s) was a serious factor in the minds of many German clergymen5The state-sponsored attack that Greich-Polelle refers to is the Kulturkampf. Roughly translated, the Culture Wars were a direct attack by Bismarck on the Catholic Church in Prussia, during the 1870s. Even though the sup pression was eventually overturned, the violence that ensued against the Catholics coupled with the vulnerability the Catholic Churchs authority represented outside the Papal States became clear, the Clergy could not allow the Nazis to create another Kulturkampf.Beth Greich-Polelle believes Kulturkampf is key to understanding why the Church allowed itself to have its power removed, and in her book Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism she tries to relay the importance of the psychological impact that this piece of recent history would have on the Clergy. She attempts to justify the acceptance of the new regime as a move to preserve the position of Catholicism in the modern state and by creating a Concordat (something Pacelli had been trying to do all over Europe for roughly a decade); he would make this a reality.As an accredited historian working as a Professor of Modern History in the USA, Greich-Polelle uses a vast amount of primary sources from the diaries of Bishop von Galen, a German nationalist who initially welcomed Hitler before becoming an outspoken critic of the Nazi Anti-Semitism after 1934, roughly the same time as Niemà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ller and Bonhà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ffer broke away to form the Confessional Church for the same reasons. With this in mind the source above seems very useful when deciding what motives were really behind Pacellis signing of the Concordat since von Galens view as a fellow nationalist would have been somewhat in line with Pacellis.In addition to J R C Wright and Beth Greich-Polelle, Martyn Housden also agrees that the Church wanted to preserve its own position, rather than ratifying the Nazi establishment. He comments:The Churches and their followers generally were more interested in defending their religious space rather than rooted in a politically active anti-Nazi morality.6As with Wright and Greich-Polelle, Housden agrees that the Church was attempting to distance itself from the political aspects of Nazi sm in order to preserve its religious position. However while reviewing his work, Richard Steigmann-Gall of the University of Toronto, points out that by overlooking [the] admittedly more disturbing acts of ideological commission, he leaves the reader with a flawed analysis7. He does this by ignoring the works of Wolfgang Gerlach, Hermann Grieve, Richard Gutteridge, and Markje Smid, authors who have all directly tackled the issue of the Catholic Church in Germany and whose works includes anti-Semitism. Steigmann-Gall goes on to point out that when reading his chapter entitled opposition born of belief; Housden again does not discuss Christian Anti-Semitism. Steigmann-Gall in a sense therefore is making the claim that there must have been some tacit-support of Anti-Semitism in the church and that the actions of the Church cannot be solely for self-preservation. This of course is a crucial feature of Goldhagens thesis and backs up his claim that anti-Semitism, in some form, did exist within the Catholic Church. Housdens failure to include anti-Semitism could be for two reason, either Housden has failed to address the critical debate of Anti-Semitism by mistake, or he may be trying to distance his own personal beliefs in Christianity, from that of the atrocities synonymous with the Anti-Semitism within the Nazi concentration camps. As a result, his work becomes questionable, compared with Wrights and Greich-Polelles.On the other extreme of the overall debate, Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, and John Cornwell, both believe that the Church as an institution was anti-Semitic and that racism played a massive part in what they believe, was the Churches acceptance and collaboration with the Nazi Regime. They both publicly denounce Pope Pious XII as Hitlers Pope and criticise the Church as ignoring the atrocities performed by the Nazis, even though it posed a complete antithesis to their moral code of ethics.In Daniel Goldhagens book A Moral Reckoning, he condemns the Church as wholly racist against the Jews and attacks particularly Pacelli as a nationalist. He cites the suppression of the encyclical Humani Generis Unitas as a clear example of Pacellis true anti-Semitism and his abandonment of decent Catholic morals and ethics. This encyclical was written by Pius XI in which he condemns the actions of the Nazis and those who are involved in the racial segregation of the Jews.The practise of evasion and denial began as early as 1939 when Pope Pious XII suppressed Humani Generis Unitas, the antiracism encyclical of his predecessor It would finally have the Church defend the hounded Jews8Goldhagen rightly points out the importance of this encyclical because it would clarify, officially, the position of the Church on genocide in Nazi Germany, specifically condemning it, such persecutory methods are totally at variance with the true spirit of the Catholic Church9.Goldhagen goes on to make clear the distinction between Pope Pious XI and Pious XII, citing Pio us XI as an ideologue who was set to uphold the Catholic moral of denouncing the Nazi Regime through the hidden encyclical. Goldhagen then presents Pious XII as a nationalist in his own right and hints that this suppression was part of a deal between Hitler and Pious XII. He paints a picture of Pacelli as an ambitious anti-Semitic who wanted to pursue his doctrine due to his belief in the Jews unshakable guilt over the death of Jesus.He then goes on to claim that only German Catholics were capable of being united behind anti-Semitism thus being able to create the circumstances for genocide. He claims, rightly or wrongly, that the German mindset was the only one capable of rallying so quickly to nationalism and that the German way of thinking does play a significant part in understanding the Catholic Churchs role during the Nazi period. So powerful was the racial cognitive in Germany that the Catholic Church by and large accepted and disseminated it in its own teaching.Goldhagen be lieves that this does not just include Catholics, but Lutheran Protestant Christians, as well as non-believers. Goldhagen makes this point in his first book (Hitlers Willing Executioners) but touches only briefly on it in A Moral Reckoning, a book devoted to the Churches involvement during the Nazi Period. He concentrates much more on the individual Catholic mental struggle with the past. He claims that the Church still blamed contemporary Jews for the death of Jesus. Goldhagen cites Archbishop Konrad Grobers published pastoral letter10 of 1941 as evidence of this: -[Archbishop Grober] placed the blame upon the Jews for the death of Jesus, which he implied justifies what Germans were then doing to the Jews8This clearly attempts to justify the persecution of Jews as retribution for the murder of Jesus. However, this may not however a fair appraisal of the contents of the letter as we are only provided with a limited extract in the book. Goldhagen, as mentioned before is a radical Zi onist historian and is likely to overemphasize evidence in order to discredit the Church, this selective use of the Grà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ber letter can be evidence of this.Norman Finklestein, a Jewish Political historian cites numerous examples of Goldhagens exaggeration in his book The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth. He cites the example of the 12 Ritual Murder trails (1867-1914), where Goldhagen reverses the findings11 of Pulzer (whom he quotes in Hitlers Willing Executioners) by exemplifying the single guilty case when the meaning of the findings was to show how eleven of the cases came to other conclusions, conclusions Finkelstein suggests, may have proved his point flawed. Finklestein also points out a number of Diary entries, and covertly placed texts, like that of crucial evidence referring to the anti-Semitic petition in 19th Century Bavaria, as being buried in the back pages9. As a result, Goldhagens work can never be taken at face value, due, in part, to his selective use of sources, which Finklestein suggests, tries to undermine the Churches authority in the eyes of the readerJohn Cornwell also attacks the Church for its anti-Semitism during the Nazi period. He places a greater emphasis than Goldhagen does on the actions of Pious XII but is still critical of the Catholic Church in general for its involvement with the Nazi regime. Cornwell references, like Goldhagen, the importance of the encyclical Humani Generis Unitas and condemns Pacelli for sitting on it10, as well as including information about the true extent to which Pius XII had detailed knowledge of the final solution.Cornwell believes that Pious XIIs anti-Semitism had a lot to do with the links between Russian Communists and world Jewry. This is qualified by the fact that most of the top KDP members in Weimar Germany were infact Jewish. One of the main reasons why the Church was so afraid of Communism was because of the atrocities in the Soviet Union during the periods of War Communism wit h Churches being shut down and outlawed. It is for this reason that Cornwell believes that Pacelli is not willing to stand up for the Jews, moving away from the traditional anti-Semitic argument, to a more Communist influenced anti-Semitism.Pacelli and the office for which he was responsible betrayed an antagonistic policy towards the Jews [based on] a link between Judaism and the Bolshevik plot to destroy Christendom.12It is clear that Cornwell seeks to link Pious XII to this misconception and does make a very convincing line of argument. It could be possible for the link between Judaism and that of Communism to be forged so closely and that, what Goldhagen describes as the German mindset, could have pushed Pacelli to the extent of anti-Semitism. Cornwell then goes on to heavily criticise Pacelli for not condemning those members of his clergy engaged in the unmasking of Jews and the stopping of conversions in very strongly Catholic areas. This unmasking of Jews by Catholics and Ca tholic Bishops is well documented in the Gestapo reports of the period. Catholicism never accepts racism or any attempt to assist racism under any circumstances.Nor did he [Pacelli] attempt to intervene in the process by which Catholic Clergy collaborated in racial certification to identify the Jews13This collaboration Cornwell goes on to say, aided the persecution of the Jews and contributed heavily in the rural communities assistance during the Final Solution. He then moves on to make the accusation that the Church was not as unaware of the Final Solution, as it historically has claimed. With the opening of the Vatican archives, letters and diaries14 from prominent members of Pacellis Privy Council display that Pacelli was infact one of the first in the world to know of the Nazi plans and took no action whatsoever, even waiting months before accepting that he had even received the letter. This can be interpreted as self-preservation, but Cornwell is convinced by Pacellis actions d uring the 1930s that anti-Semitism was the main factor in Pacellis decision not to act upon this information. The Vatican archives prove this by showing Pacellis registered disagreement with Pius XI over condemning anti-Semitism in the mid 30s, which adds weight to the accusation that his actions werent just for self-preservation. Through the mid to late 1930s, Pacelli failed to sanction protests by the German Catholic episcopate against anti-Semitism it is clear that Pacelli believed that the Jews had brought misfortune on their own head11When discussing the merits of Cornwells work, Dr Peter Gumpel S.J15, a leading expert on the Catholic Church during the period, cites a number of clear mistakes in Cornwells work. His work mainly concerns itself with a lack of proper research, referring to the list of archives, which Cornwell claims to have consulted. Gumpel claims that a book, which makes such pretentious claims, should have consulted such archives as the German, Italian and mos t notably the Acts of the Nuremberg Trials which would, Gumpel claims, have shown Pacellis work to save the Jews, which Ralph McInerny estimates is around 860,00016. He goes on to question the value of the content describing the first section of the book as wishy-washy, while describing his criticisms of the Concordat as wholly unfair as at no point does he ever discuss the primary papal importance of the Concordat. He even shows a massive translation error, which completely changes the whole context with which a Chapter of his book refers to. The Encyclical letter with burning preoccupation and not with great appreciation as Cornwell mistranslatesAs a result, the value of Cornwells work has come under massive strain. Although Dr Gumpel also has been criticised for his attacks on Cornwell, the evidence that Cornwell has misrepresented Pacelli as a character is considerable and as a result, his work is less useful that it at first appears to be.In Conclusion, the evidence supportin g the claim that the Churches actions during the Nazi period were purely in self-defence, in other words, for self-preservation, I believe outweigh the accusations of anti-Semitism within the Church. There is strong evidence that the Church as an institution is anti-Semitic, and there can be no doubt that there are sections of the Catholic Church that do believe that the Jews still posses an unshakeable guilt over the death of Jesus. There is also a chance that Pacelli (Pope Pious XII) could have been one of those people who believed in this guilt, but when critically appraising the merits of the historians that have claimed this, I have found myself more convinced by Bette Greich-Polelles explanation of events. In reference to her work, it is my belief that the Church during the Nazi period was self-interested and was set on trying to avoid another Kulturkampf, thus by accepting restrictions on their political freedoms it would ensure the spiritual dimension of Catholicism would li ve on throughout and beyond Nazi Germany.

buy custom A Correlation Between Information Technology Access and Economic Development essay

buy custom A Correlation Between Information Technology Access and Economic Development essay There is a correlation between information technology access and economic development. However, in the developing world, there exist disparities in terms of information technology access between developed and the less developed world. Moreover, in the less developed world; these differences are reflected between urban and rural areas, with urban areas being prioritised to get access to information technology. These differences result from unethical practices by governments and influential political elites who influence the way access to information technology is distributed in their countries for their personal gains. People in the rural areas are deemed as not being in need of information technology thereby discriminating against them. Access of information in the less developed world is dependent on education level and income. People with good education have a good income, which enable them to access information technology. Moreover, their education levels enable them to use the information to better their lives. The gap in technological advancement between the developed and the less developed countries has posed a major ethical issue in the world. Businesses in the less developed world, in their attempt to match the competition in the world market have used unethical practices such as information gathering through dubious means such as spying and violating property rights. Such practices raise questions as to whether new ethical measures need to be put in place. However, what is more important is for the governments of these less developed countries to cultivate a culture of ethical practices in their nations in the whole population without discrimination. A case in India has been used to show-case how non-discriminatory policies in distributing information technology infrastructure have transformed farmers in different villages. The farmers have access to information on new farming practices and prices in different markets. This enables them to make informed decisions thereby transforming their lives. Buy custom A Correlation Between Information Technology Access and Economic Development essay

Marketing Plan for Harvey Norman Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Plan for Harvey Norman - Assignment Example Due to the high demand of electronic products both locally and internationally, Harvey Norman Company has opened different stores to cater for the different needs of their customers both locally and internationally. The market situation analysis for the company indicates that the company has increased its sales significantly over the last years despite the harsh trading conditions they have operated. However, their retail spending has been largely affected by debt they have accrued both internally and externally. This is negative to the grot of the company, since most customers have decided to shop online because of the readily available substitutes for the products produced by the company by other companies (Synnot & Fitzgerald, 2007). Harvey Norman Company faces stiff competition from other companies dealing in similar products because of its large scale production tendencies. There are many companies that form strong competitive force for Harvey Norman Company dealings. Theses are companies that also share similar market as Harvey Norman Company, therefore, are major competitors for the company as they also target similar customers like Norman Harvey Company. Most major competitors for the company originate from the United States. ... According to the PESTLE analysis, there are different factors affecting the operation of Harvey Norman Company. These factors range from political, economic, social and technological. Political factors affect the company’s operation in terms of regulations placed by the government to control various activities being conducted by the company. Harvey Norman Company is both affected by internal and external regulation. Despite some of these working towards the growth of the company, others create conflict within the company, therefore, making the company unable to achieve its goals and objectives. Harvey Norman Company is forced to take into considerations various clauses stipulated by the law so as not go against specific regulations set by the government in their course of operation within different countries. An example is the environmental clause which is there to protect the environment from toxic waste or substances produced by companies. Moreover, there are consumer laws a lso plays a significant role in determining the success of the company. This is because all companies dealing in the same or different line are always eager to achieve a competitive advantage of their competitors. Harvey Norman Company is forced to adopt different consumer laws in the different countries they sell their products in despite some of the laws being unfruitful to their profits. Harvey Norman Company has devoted its time in concentrating on the society and engaging in various ways that has played in improving people’s way of life. In its contribution to charitable organizations, the company has show to the world that it not only concerned about their profits, but to the welfare of all their stakeholders which forms the current Harvey Norman Company. In addition,

Impact Of Social Media On The Business World And Our Life Essay

Impact Of Social Media On The Business World And Our Life - Essay Example The researcher states that it is important for people to understand how they are going to use social media for their betterment, and also how the businesses can use this platform in order to enhance their revenue. Regarding social media and the popularity of emerging names in social media, two names that come to mind are WhatsApp and Instagram. Instagram is essentially a photo-sharing and video-sharing online service, which is available on platforms such as Apple, Windows, and Android. Likewise, WhatsApp is a messaging and photo-sharing app. which has gained immense popularity in the last 2 years. Both Instagram and WhatsApp incidentally share a common aspect; they both have been acquired by the social media behemoth Facebook. The amount paid to acquire Instagram and WhatsApp has been $1 billion and $16 billion respectively, therefore reflecting the profit-generating potential of social media platforms such as these. Almost 70% of the mobile users used internet on their mobile device s. With the increasing popularity of smartphones and other mobile devices, especially the Android-based ones, the social networking foray started to think how they can reach as many numbers of users as possible through their new and innovative ideas. This thinking created the need for generating a mobile messaging app, which is popularly known as Whats App. This popular mobile messaging service has almost 70 million active users every month. This shows how much people are using social networking in their everyday life. Instagram, the photo-sharing app over the internet, was acquired by Facebook for $1 billion. This acquisition had been buzzing over the media as hot news.

The process a person has to undergo to open a bank account Essay Example for Free

The process a person has to undergo to open a bank account Essay The bank will have in place a process that customers must have to follow to enable them open an account. This process involves various activities that the application must have to go through before a decision can be made to open an account. The initial process starts once the customer enters the Bank and speaks to a Customer Service Adviser about opening a new bank account. The adviser will asks the customer various questions in order to establish the customers banking needs. This enables the adviser to clarify what kind of account is more suitable for the customer. Since the customer does not know what kinds of bank accounts are available, the Customer Service Adviser enables this process to take place. Without the support of the adviser, the process of opening the account might have been more difficult and time consuming. The customer is also advised on the time duration it might take in the process of opening the account. The customer then has to fill in an application form which enables the process to move to the next stage. The customer can call on the adviser for assistance in filling out the form at any point in time. Once the form has been properly filled in, it is processed by the bank staff (using processing software on the computer by sending the information to a referencing agent to check if the applicant details are correct and for a credit check to find out if the customer has any adverse credit history. These are guides used by the bank to determine whether the information given by the applicant is true and to decide on credit facilities that might come with certain bank accounts). The information sent off is then verified and sent back to the bank. All the information sent are assigned scores using guides (software) that the bank has installed to make the process more efficient. Depending on the customers score, a suitable account would be recommended. A decision will then be taken in regards to the opening of the account and details of the account are entered into the computer. At this point of processing the account, some delays would be experienced while the adviser inputs the details of the new account into the computer. While this is being facilitated, the customer then receives details of his/her account. The customer leaves now as their input into the process of opening the bank account has been completed. The account details and customer information relevant to operating the account is then sent for printing to the card manufacturing company. The machinery, plastic and paper used in the process of manufacturing the relevant items for the bank enables the process of opening the account to be completed. The cheque book, card and pin number for use with the account are then mailed by the printing company to the banks customer or sent to their local branch for collection. Once the cheque book, card and pin are received by the customer, it enables the use of the bank account and without this, the operation of the account would be made more problematic. Volume looks at how many different jobs one person performs in the business. In a supermarket, each person works one station on a shift and rarely swaps during it unless it is extremely necessary. In some cases, there are enough people employed in the supermarket so that they only ever have to perform one duty during their time employed there. In the supermarket, there are sometimes 20 people working on the tills during the busy periods but often there are not this many people working in a bank at any one time. By having this high Volume, you will find that the each person will find their job extremely repetitive as it is all they perform all day long. In some cases, people will work behind a till for 8 hours a day, 5 days a week for several years. This high repeatability often isnt appealing to a lot of people though. However, since people are performing the same tasks day in and day out, they become an expert in their area. This leads to highly specialized people in the supermarket which is good for the business. In a bank, there are normally two or three people who deal with the individuals bank accounts, and processing cash transactions, and then there is one person who deals with opening bank accounts, another working on loans, and someone possibly dealing with mortgages. This low volume of staff means that if anyone is sick, then the other staff will be required to cover the area for the duration. If you work in a bank, your position is often changed to where you are required most so you need to be multi-skilled and have good knowledge of the job. Variety looks at the degree in which the business responds to different customer requirements. A supermarket would have high variety as they order in a wide variety of products, made by different brands and sometimes of different ethnic origin to appeal to a wide variety of tastes. This means that the supermarket is flexible about what it orders, in order to meet the needs of the customer. A bank has very low variety in terms of the accounts they offer. They have their standard set of accounts such as Flex account Savings and ISA but there are few variations off the standard model. 90% of people who go into the bank to open up a savings account will leave with the same account. These standardised accounts make the whole process of opening up a bank account very routine and so the staff working there could do it with their eyes closed. Variation In Demand is how much demand changes over a period of time. In a bank, the accounts very rarely change. The main changes to them are the interest rates but this is usually determined by the government and so changes are infrequent. This keeps the bank in a routine, and also proves them to be very predictable in what they offer to the customer. This means that it doesnt matter when an individual opens a bank account as it will almost always be the same. In a supermarket however, there are seasonal changes constantly. They cater for all of the holidays that occur over the year, Christmas, Valentines Day, Easter, Summer Holidays and Halloween. They need to order in the seasonal goods in advance to the holiday so that it entices people to buy them early. They can also adjust their ordering to meet customer demand, i. e. if the store holds a Buy One Get One Free offer on a particular popular product, then they know that they are going to sell a lot of it therefore they will adjust their ordering accordingly. After the promotion finishes, it is highly unlikely that they will continue to sell the same numbers so they will reduce the amount ordered. Visibility relates to where the process is carried out. In a bank, you see very little of the processes being carried out in front of you therefore there is low visibility. Credit Checks are done online by an independent company, cards and chequebooks are manufactured in another place altogether, Money is taken from you and put into a till and your account credited electronically. Sometimes, especially if you are paying in a cheque, there is a time lag between processing your transaction and seeing the results. It can take up to a week to send out new cards, new chequebooks, or new PIN numbers if you lose them and so this could be problematic for the consumer, as they may not have access to any money during that period of time. In a supermarket though, you see quite a few processes occurring in front of you. You can see people continuously stacking up shelves to ensure there is food available for the customer and you see your food being processed through the tills. This leads to low waiting tolerance however, and the consumer always wants their product immediately and often voices their dissatisfaction if they are unable to get exactly what they want. On the Deli counter, you can see your choice of meat being cut exactly how you want it to be and wrapped for you, and in some supermarkets, you can even choose for someone to make your own personal pizza for you. In order to offer these services, there needs to be good customer service skills in place so that any questions regarding anything in the store can be answered if needed. Company success relies heavily on consumer satisfaction and so the store must ensure that the shelves are full, that there are a wide range of products on offer, and that customer service skills are excellent. By offering all of these things, the supermarket can ensure good satisfaction and repeat business.

Save the Arts :: essays research papers

Within the past few years, the government has been taking major strides to improve the education system by increasing the funding for our school systems and programs. They are increasing the school?s funding by taking away the funds from the art, dance, and theatre classes, among other programs. As a student raised in the atmosphere of the arts and a student now majoring in theatre, I feel very strongly that the government is making a major mistake by taking money away from the arts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The arts should be supported because children earn a great deal of self-confidence by being involved in the arts. The children?s self-confidence level is increased through the arts because children are more free to express how they really feel in any and all situations. In the completion of a project, generally there will be some sort of reward, whether applause or recognition for a job well done. The rewards make children feel special, valuable, and important. All of the recognition and support that is received through the arts make it quite easy for a child to gain great self-confidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The arts also help children to improve their social skills. Being involved in the arts teaches one teamwork. Through these fine art groups and activities one will learn to do their best as an individual, yet come together with others in order to put on the best show possible. Teamwork is a great way to teach a child the social skills which indeed, are needed to carry them through life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children involved in the arts learn a great sense of responsibility. Children are already responsible for a lot in school, but when they are involved in the arts, not only do they have to make time for homework, but also make time for their lessons and rehearsals that go along with being involved in the arts. These children work hard, and are pushed to be all they can be, and they truly learn what it is like to be responsible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children in the arts learn three of lives most important skills: self-confidence, social skills, and a sense of responsibility. These skills cannot be taught in a class or out of a book, but one must learn it for themselves by taking part in something that teaches them these skills.

Citizens of Karachi

ALI REHAN (O5461) BLOODSHED EVERY WHERE, BLOOD IS ALL AROUND IS THE BLOOD INVISIBLE? WHY AREN’T WE REACTING? Citizens of Karachi are witnessing probably the worst of the times this city has ever gone through. Despite the horrible circumstances prevailing in the city, it is difficult to mention even a single act of public retaliation strongly condemning it in rightful manner. Have the citizens silently approved all that is happening and learned to live with it? If not, then why don’t we hear a call to end this?Since when have these people turned so passive, why don’t they react? A little deeper look into it will show that people do react. Reaction should be a source of damage control, but here, unfortunately, the way people react makes it a cause of worsening situation. Blood isn’t invisible, we see what is happening, and we hear who is crying, we know that next may be us, fear is all around, we feel helpless! The fear that surrounds us and state of being d irectionless has turned us into passive retaliators who do no harm the people who instill fear, instead, retaliate, but to our own harm.Burning our own city during protests is commonly seen. It is very unfortunate that citizens of Karachi-for most of the times-act as part of problem. Almost every instance of protest for a ‘right cause’ ends up in ‘wrong ways’. People have stopped trusting each other. A citizen of Karachi cannot imagine trusting strangers. And for a Karachiite, stranger is every person who is not his/her family member, with exception of a few close friends (rarely). DON’T AGREE Try answering this. How many people (outside your immediate family) , can you entrust with RS 1 lac and get the amount back when demanded?Security guards have become a need, we don’t feel secure. People have left enjoying the way they did in past (there is a reducing trend observed amongst the number of people visiting cinemas, amusement parks, and domes tic tourism). A financially well-off person avoids enjoying luxuries he/she can easily afford from the fear of becoming one of the victims of crime. There are hundreds of people who avoid purchasing expensive cars, motorcycles, cell phones etc , as they know that in a city like ‘Karachi’ , those (police) entrusted with duty to guard your possessions-can make you penniless!Here, criminals have free hands to operate and strong links to escape punishment. It is important to look at how the reactions varies with the social class people belong to. Upper Class that is financially well of, employs security guards, lives in safe areas, and waits for the first opportunity to emigrate†¦this class has isolated itself from the problems faced by common people. They worry a lot, but face a little. With every penny of their possessions ‘insured’, there is nothing they would loose.Middle Class employs all its resources to educate itself, and those who succeed, aim to fly abroad at given opportunity (dream is US, CANADA, UK, and MIDDLE EAST). They are the people with maximum potentials. It is always the middle class that plays the most active role in bringing revolutions. Lower Class (which is the largest of all),cannot educate, cannot move abroad, and has limited opportunities to grow, feels insecure. And as a way out—joins the strongest militant group and participates in increasing violence in the city. This is how violence is reciprocated with further violence.How will this cycle stop..? There is no end to the cycle until those with resources (upper class and middle class) aren’t concerned with solving the issue. There is no end to bloodshed until citizens stop complaining and start challenging the authorities whose interests this killing serves. There is no end to killing until a leader emerges to guide efforts of masses in a right direction. There is no end to killing until we learn how to react . How long does it take for a ci tizen of Pakistan to get a bad news to hear? The country has blood flowing all around.Here people die for reasons, and people die for no reasons. The short-tempered spice loving citizens of Pakistan are habitual of relaxing themselves employing ways that are not only futile when it comes to resolving their issues, instead, they create further worse issues for others to face can hardly recall any public protest that served its purpose without having caused destruction to state property and public assets. A call to strike means that lacs of people who are daily wage earners will have a day to worry for their need expenditures.People blame and react on suspicions. Our present is full of incidences of political target killings throughout the country and though it has been going on for a long time-our government intelligentsia has delivered a complete failure in figuring out how to stop it. Now let us wait for an angel to visit them and whisper in their ears â€Å"you need to control su pply of arms and killings would stop. † Another wrong way of reaction is displayed by media in our country-it over reacts.In an effort to sell their story and attract maximum viewership, electronic media channels sensationalize stories to extent of their creativity and capability. Television channels rarely consider the impact that their news transmission is likely to cast. Hours long broadcast of a single act of terrorism only serves the purpose of terrorist groups as terrorist want their projection to spread fear and media help them achieve their desired objective. How will this be corrected? All the problems that have been created by us need to be fixed by us.At many instances, we are part of problem and at numerous others, our silence over a problem signals that we are ready to live with it. Following examples may seem harsh, but they are a true reflection of reality. We are mentally prepared before sending our children to school, college, university that security of our c hild is not guaranteed and we would accept any mishap as undeniable/inevitable fate. We may sooner or later get to hear news of our close relatives’ death in a bombast, street crime incident or target killing attack and our lives may also end one day in much the similar way.As there is no single problem, there is no single solution. Each one of us will have to consider what lies in his/her sphere of influence, and try to correct that boldly. Courage will have to be demonstrated and sacrifices need to be made. Words do not count, it is our actions that matter. A great quotation of HAZRAT ALI is â€Å"the maximum limit of cruelty is determined by the tolerance level of the oppressed† . We need to be intolerant towards wrongs and challenge it bravely. Nothing would change until we learn to react and react in right manner.